Slovakia E-invoicing

The modernisation of tax and tax controls remains a high priority for Slovakia’s tax authority. The Slovakian Ministry of Finance plans to introduce a continuous transaction control (CTC) scheme aligned with ViDA to improve the fight against tax evasion and obtain real-time information about underlying business transactions.

Plenty is happening in Slovakia where e-invoicing is concerned, and this page is your ideal overview of the country’s journey towards obligatory electronic invoicing.

Table of contents

1. B2B e-invoicing in Slovakia 2. B2G e-invoicing in Slovakia 3. The use of Peppol in Slovakia 4. Timeline of e-invoicing adoption in Slovakia 5. Setting up e-invoicing in Slovakia with Sovos 6. FAQ 7. Additional resources

B2B e-invoicing in Slovakia

Slovakia has proposed to implement mandatory e-invoicing for B2B transactions from 2027.

The proposal would require taxpayers to issue and receive electronic invoices for domestic, business-to-business transactions. This mandate would use Peppol—the pan-European e-invoicing initiative used by many countries—to facilitate the exchange of e-invoices.

The idea behind implementing Peppol is to enable multiple certified e-invoicing providers to participate, creating a decentralised system.

In addition to mandating the exchange of electronic invoices, the proposal includes real-time reporting of invoice data to the country’s financial administration.

B2G e-invoicing in Slovakia

Slovakia currently requires central, regional and local authorities to be able to receive and process electronic invoices. This has been enforced since 1 August 2019.

E-invoicing is still not fully implemented for business-to-government transactions. However, it is expected that the new CTC regime will cover both B2B and B2G e-invoices.

The use of Peppol in Slovakia

Slovakia’s Financial Administration plans to introduce a mandate for B2B e-invoicing, utilising Peppol’s infrastructure and framework to facilitate document transmission.

The plan of having a decentralised e-invoicing system would allow businesses to exchange e-invoices uniformly and securely and therefore improving operational efficiency.

Also, by joining the Peppol network, the government would allow businesses currently offering e-invoicing solutions in the Slovakia to become Peppol-certified providers, fostering healthy market competition. Slovakia’s Financial Administration will serve as the nation’s Peppol Authority.

Timeline of e-invoicing adoption in Slovakia

Here are the key dates in Slovakia’s journey towards adopting e-invoicing:

• 19 December 2024: The Ministry of Finance unveils a proposal regarding mandatory e-invoicing and real-time reporting of invoice data to the Financial Administration
• 1 January 2027: The proposed date of the country’s B2B e-invoicing mandate
• 1 January 2027: The proposed date of the country’s requirement to report domestic transactions to the tax authorities in real time
• 1 July 2030: Meeting the requirement from the EU’s ViDA initiative to implement reporting of intra-community transactions
• 1 July, 2030: Slovakian VAT-registered businesses must comply with VAT in the Digital Age (ViDA) requirements, which include mandatory e-invoicing and digital reporting for Intra-Community B2B transactions.

Setting up e-invoicing in Slovakia with Sovos

With Slovakia well on its way to introducing mandates for e-invoicing, it’s important to be ahead of the curve to ensure compliance. However, an evolving e-invoicing landscape isn’t unique to Slovakia.

Chances are that most countries you do business in are undergoing a similar digital transformation. Sovos is a single solutions supplier to ensure your organisation complies with its tax obligations – everywhere you operate.

Choosing Sovos means choosing peace of mind and reclaiming your time.

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FAQ

Is e-invoicing mandatory in Slovakia?

It is only mandatory for central, regional and local authorities to be able to receive and process e-invoices. Outside of that, Slovakia has no mandate in place for electronic invoicing.

What type of Continuous Transaction Controls system is planned in Slovakia?

Slovakia is expected to introduce mandatory e-invoicing combined with real-time reporting of invoices to the tax authority.

Is Peppol mandatory in Slovakia?

Currently, the use of Peppol to exchange e-invoices is not mandatory. However, according to the upcoming CTC reform, the Peppol network is planned to be mandatory for the exchange of e-invoices between businesses.

Additional resources

IPT in Slovakia

Ensure you’re aware of all your tax obligations with this blog.

Read here

E-invoicing: Your Guide

Learn about the global rise of electronic invoicing.

Read here

Meet the Expert is our series of blogs where we share more about the team behind our innovative software and managed services.

As a global organisation with indirect tax experts across all regions, our dedicated team are often the first to know about new regulatory changes and the latest developments on tax regimes across the world, to support you in your tax compliance.

We spoke to Russell Brown, senior IPT consulting manager, about Sovos’ IPT consultancy, supporting tax teams and his thoughts about the future of IPT.

Can you tell me about your role and what it involves?

I head up the Insurance Premium Tax (IPT) consultancy practice within Sovos. We’re responsible for providing advice, mostly to compliance clients on tax issues of different types of insurance that they write in EU and non-EU countries. We provide clarity on applicable tax rates and their compliance requirements in various countries, as well as location of risk queries.

One of my main responsibilities is to review and approve the reports written by consultants in the team. I also assist our sales team with clients interested in registering for IPT in different countries. This involves discussing the insurance the client provides and the countries involved and helping to onboard new customers. I also participate in writing regular IPT blogs and articles on a variety of subjects, and in webinars and other client events where we discuss a wide range of IPT issues around the world.

We also assist the compliance managed services team with any questions from their clients that they need help with. This can include legislative references or just confirmation of tax rates.

Can you tell us about Sovos’ IPT consultancy and typical projects you help with?

The short answer is we help insurers with their IPT compliance queries but that can vary from project to project.

A typical project for the consultancy team would be for a client to approach us and say, “We’re thinking of writing this type of insurance policy in 10 countries. Could you please tell us all the taxes and tax rates that apply, who bears the cost of those taxes and how they’re calculated. Could you also provide us with guidance on the compliance requirements in each country?”. This could be for EU and non-EU countries.

Another common project is to look at insurance policies and confirm the type of insurance to ensure its taxed correctly or looking at location of risk for an insurance type. This will involve analysing a sample policy from the client to confirm what the insurable risk is so that the correct rules are applied on taxing it in the relevant countries.

Sovos’ IPT customers tend to deal in non-life insurance; we’re often asked to look at property policies or liability risks. Spain, France, Portugal and Belgium are the countries we’re asked most about due to their complicated IPT and parafiscal charges regimes and different rates.

We are also asked questions about non-admitted insurance. For example, if a company is writing insurance but isn’t licensed in that country, they might have questions about how the taxes are calculated, who is liable for the taxes, who should settle taxes etc. These questions tend to be from non-EEA insurers writing policies in EEA countries.

Brokers are another type of client we deal with, or as part of discussions with insurers when there are queries around who is responsible for settling taxes on premiums. We’re able to offer advice to both the insurer and the broker in these cases.

Where do tax teams need support and how does Sovos help?

Tax teams want certainty that they’re charging the correct taxes, and that they’re compliant in settling those taxes with the relevant countries’ authorities. That’s where we come in, providing guidance as well as reporting. We’ve received feedback from clients saying the reports have been especially useful to show senior stakeholders that tax compliance is being maintained. The reports are also an important document to have on file that demonstrates that there was an issue identified and they received external advice. Having this activity on record for senior managers and both internal and external auditors is important. If a tax team is asked any questions by tax authorities, they can provide evidence.

We tend to work with tax teams in the planning stages, when an organisation wants to identify any potential tax issues ahead of time to ensure systems are updated and compliant from day one.

What are your thoughts about the IPT landscape the future of IPT?

I have a few thoughts.

The first is about Germany’s IPT laws. When the country changed its IPT law at the end of 2020, the authority extended the scope of who could potentially be taxed for German IPT. There was some thought that other countries in Europe might try to do the same, the Dutch being a good example where current legislation does potentially allow this under certain circumstances. But because the application of Germany’s law wasn’t the most successful, there’s a feeling that other countries are unlikely to follow this path for the moment.

There is also the question whether or not IPT will be abolished in the UK and replaced with VAT. The government is in the process of starting a VAT consultation on financial services, and it’s likely that this proposal will be included in the discussions between HMT, HMRC and the insurance market including both insurers and brokers. This consultation will likely run for a couple of years, so we won’t know the results for some time, and it is possible that any decisions on this point may be delayed by the timing of the next general election.

There is also always the discussion of the digitization of IPT. There hasn’t been much movement on this recently. Ireland is in the process of digitization and France was due to follow suit but has postponed until next year. We are already helping our customers to possess the ability to file IPT online when this does become a requirement.

Poland has been moving towards introducing the CTC framework and the system, the Krajowy System e-Faktur (KSeF), since early 2021. As of 1 January 2022, the platform has been available for taxpayers who opt to issue structured invoices through KSeF and to benefit from the introduced incentives.

As the taxpayers have been using KSeF for a while, let’s take a closer look at what has been happening and will happen in the future regarding Poland’s CTC reform.

Publication of regulation on the use of KSeF

Initially presented as a draft act by the Ministry of Finance in November 2021, the regulation on the use of KSEF was finally adopted and published in the Official Gazette on 30 December 2021 after several reiterations.

The regulation covers mainly the categories of authorisations, methods of authentication, and information required to access the structured invoices.

According to the regulation, taxpayers using KSEF are required to authenticate using one of the following methods: Qualified Electronic Signature, Qualified Electronic Seal, Trusted Signature, or Token.

A trusted signature confirms the identity assigned to a specific Polish Identification (PESEL) number. The token method can be used to grant authorisations in the KSeF once the taxpayer has been authenticated.

New information and documentation published by the Polish tax authority

The Polish tax authority has published new information on its website about KSeF features including FAQs and further documentation.

The FAQs include information regarding the scope and operational side of the system, whereas the sample XML files and the information brochure shed light on the logical structure of e-invoices and mapping requirements.

What will happen next?

Although the tax authority continues to make every effort to clarify the many aspects of the new CTC system in Poland, we still have a long way to go regarding the full implementation of KSeF.

For instance, during the public consultation of the draft act the Ministry of Finance stated taxpayers would be able to download structured invoices via API in XML or PDF format. As of today, there is no technical information available regarding the PDF generation within the system using the API. The tax authority has published the technical documentation related to the outbound process but there is still no documentation available on the inbound side.

More importantly, a decision authorising Poland to introduce special measures derogating from Articles of the EU VAT Directive is yet to be obtained from the EU Council for roll-out of the e-invoicing mandate for all B2B transactions. The current Polish VAT Act requires the buyer’s acceptance to receive structured invoices. As the Polish authorities aim to make the KSeF mandatory in 2023 an amendment of this provision is expected once the special measures have been authorized by the EU Council.

Ebook

Compliance Mandates Around the World Have Elevated the Importance of Tax

Sorting out indirect tax issues was not traditionally at the top of any IT organisation’s to-do list. Today that’s changed and new VAT compliance mandates being introduced at an increasing rate around the world have elevated its status.

It’s more important than ever that IT decision makers and in-house tax and finance professionals engage and have meaningful, strategic discussions about how – and also why – to accelerate their digital transformation. This will enable them to not only respond but also to prepare for invasive new tax mandates.

Each time a product or service is sold in a new country or under the watchful eye of evolving national tax regimes, enterprises must respond. They must ensure their VAT recognition and reporting processes are aligned to new and evolving mandates for continuous controls on e-invoicing and other critical sales and purchase processes and documents.

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A cascade of tax compliance mandates

Multinational companies continue to leverage new technologies to optimise borderless supply chains. The spectacular growth of e-commerce and a new generation of technologies is opening global markets for even the smallest of micro-enterprises. Global businesses and supply chains increasingly intersect new national mandates. Many of these mandates impose sophisticated real-time controls on business transactions and make compliance more complex than it’s ever been before. And the cost of non-compliance can be high. Non-compliance can affect an organisation in many ways – financial, operational, employee productivity, customer experience, legal, and even brand perception. IT, tax and finance teams need to communicate and collaborate effectively to fully understand their compliance obligations in each of the markets where they operate. If they can’t companies will likely find their digital transformations inhibited by disparate local point solutions that can be so entrenched, they can become impossible to replace. With better collaboration between functions and alignment on tax, your entire organisation can achieve real operational efficiencies. Download our e-book and read about

• The opportunities that exist when tax and IT work together
• How joined up thinking can reduce risk and uncover opportunities
• A shared vision and modern tax solution
• How better conversations drive a better compliance process

As  tax compliances becomes increasingly interconnected with core business processes, organisations must make all aspects of tax reporting central to, and integrated with, core business activities. A modern tax compliance solution must be engineered from the ground up to handle modern regulatory mandates. This especially applies to global manufacturers and retailers that do business in numerous countries around the world and must comply with mandates established by hundreds of tax authorities. Read more and download the e-book

In 2020, the European Commission (EC) adopted a four-year plan to develop a fairer and simpler taxation framework. The Action Plan aspires to tighten up the tax system, ensure that digital platforms are made to follow transparency rules and utilise data better, reducing tax fraud and evasion.

In 2021, the Commission implemented e-commerce changes – another step in the modernisation process. Beginning in July of 2021, the Mini One Stop Shop (MOSS) system was expanded to the One Stop Shop (OSS) and Import One Stop Shop (IOSS).

The implementation of OSS expanded the use of the union and non-union schemes. This allows European and non-European business-to-consumer sellers of digital services and goods to simplify their reporting practices. Meanwhile, IOSS allows businesses to register and import goods into the EU with a value not exceeding €150.

In 2022, there are plans to release legislation under the “VAT in the digital age” Action Plan. Much like its predecessors in 2020 and 2021, the core purpose of this plan is to tackle the issue of fraud and improve the way businesses engage with the VAT system. The Commission has announced three points it seeks to address in its legislation:

• How VAT treats the platform economy
• E-invoicing and VAT reporting obligations
• Single EU VAT registration

Specifically, one point of interest is the single EU VAT registration point, which aims to facilitate compliance among Member States. With this, the European Commission is requesting feedback on how businesses think the I/OSS implementation has gone and on other potential legislative options for the future, including:

• Extension of OSS to:
  • Cover all B2C supplies of goods and services by non-established suppliers
  • Enable intra-Community supplies and acquisitions of goods, thereby avoiding VAT registration when transferring own goods cross-border
  • Include B2B supplies of goods and services while leaving in place the current VAT refund mechanism
  • Include B2B supplies of goods and services while also introducing a deduction mechanism for OSS
• Reverse charge made available for all B2B supplies carried out by non-established suppliers
• Removing the €150 threshold for IOSS so that it applies to distance sales of goods of any value
• Making IOSS mandatory for:
  • All distance sales of imported goods
  • All distance sales of imported goods above an EU turnover threshold (e.g. €10,000)
  • Marketplaces only

The European Commission began a period of public consultation on 21 January regarding adapting VAT rules in a digital economic landscape. They are seeking feedback on how the EC should adapt VAT tax processes and how they can incorporate technology to solve principal issues in tax, such as fraud and the complexity of its systems. The Commission is accepting feedback in this public consultation period until 15 April 2022 – submissions can be made here.

Sovos will continue to monitor the development of this legislation throughout the year as more information about its structure and impact is released, as these changes are sure to be impactful upon the European VAT landscape.

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Insurance is a dynamic sector in constant flux to accommodate with insured’s needs. An increase in holidays abroad following WWII saw the need for Assistance insurance for any unforeseen events that occurred away from the insured’s home country. Council Directive 84/641/EEC regulated Assistance insurance for the first time, and a new class of insurance was created. This was in addition to the 17 previously regulated classes outlined in Directive 73/239/EEC of non-life insurance and was called Assistance (Class insurance 18).

Travel insurance evolution

Initially, the insured was covered by a policy that provided aid for any event travelling abroad (loss of passport, assistance with any problem in the car etc). The insurer created a range of support with call centres, supplier networks and additional services to help solve difficulties when travelling abroad.

Subsequently, following the insured’s requirements, insurance companies and travel agents created travel insurance that includes a wide range of services. These consist of several protections within different classes of business. This is where the tax complexity of travel insurance policies begins. It’s an amalgamation of coverages, and the application of the correct fiscal treatment needs to be analysed in each territory.

Correct tax treatment in travel insurance

When weighing the correct application of tax for travel insurance, businesses must consider the following: location of risk (LoR), class of businesses and the correct tax approach.

Location of risk: Directive 2009/138/EC Article 13 must be followed in the following circumstances:

• Business travel: The LoR of the employer’s policy to cover their employees will be located where the business is located.
• Individuals: The LoR will be the territory in which the policyholder is habitually resident unless the policy covers travel or holiday risks for four months or less. In this case, the LoR is the Member State where the policyholder took out the policy.

Class of business affected: As mentioned previously, one of the complexities of travel insurance is determining the classes of business affected. It’s common to see, in these policy types, multiple coverages such as medical assistance cover, loss or damage to baggage, travel delays or cancellations, loss of documents or money, personal accident, repatriation etc. Insurers must adequately identify these coverage details to ensure the compliant tax treatment is used.

Taxability: This step is crucial. The correct treatment of the policies could vary the liabilities to be paid, the different taxes and/or levies and parafiscal charges to be included in the tax calculation. This means that the tax treatment can change by country. It’s necessary to identify the tax liability or exemption based on the class of business and the geographical location.

Insurers must understand the importance of the vital details associated with travel insurance. Determining LoR, class of business affected and taxability ensures the correct amount is paid and submitted to the proper jurisdictions.

Ebook

Managed Services for VAT Compliance

Many multinational companies find VAT compliance challenging, especially when trading cross-border. With the increase in real-time reporting across Europe and differing VAT registration and reporting requirements, VAT compliance now requires significant resources and specialist knowledge to ensure compliance and avoid costly penalties. As your business expands, so do your VAT obligations. This is why many organisations, turn to managed service providers to ease the burden of VAT compliance, audits and fiscal representation. This e-book discusses the many elements of VAT compliance including:

• VAT registration
• Fiscal representation
• How to determine VAT obligations
• Filing VAT returns
• Preparing for an audit
• Managing VAT changes
• VAT compliance advice from JD Sports’ Indirect Tax Manager

Download a copy of the VAT managed services e-book

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How JD Sports manage VAT compliance with Sovos’ Managed Services

John Dowd, Indirect Tax Manager at sport-fashion retailer JD Sports discusses how he managed cross-border VAT compliance with the help of Sovos’ managed services

“For us at JD Sports and me personally I’m looking for a partnership, something long term, as it takes time and costs money to change advisors. I’m looking for a long-term relationship over a number of years with a VAT service provider.

“I want my advisor to have specialist knowledge, for us that’s retail and cross-border supply chains, overseas tax authorities, and I want to see new talent joining the team. I prefer a single point of contact to make it easier to move things along and of course, competitive pricing, and Sovos ticked all of these boxes for us.”

John Dowd, Indirect Tax Manager at JD Sports

The many elements of VAT compliance

VAT compliance has many elements, beginning with an understanding of place of supply rules to determine where VAT registration is required. Fiscal representation might be required to register in EU Member States.

Once VAT registration is underway, the next step is to determine EU VAT obligations by mapping the supply chain for the country of registration. There are also additional requirements to consider including exemptions, recovering VAT, Intrastat and varying continuous transaction controls (CTCs) mandates.

Submitting VAT returns to ensure compliance is a never-ending process. Each country has its own VAT return regulations and additional declaration requirements.

The VAT compliance cycle also includes preparation for VAT audits. Tax authorities can carry out audits for a variety of reasons so it’s important businesses prepare for audits and ensure they are able to manage the process successfully.

How Sovos VAT Managed Services can help with VAT compliance

Sovos’ end-to-end, technology-enabled VAT Managed Services can ease your compliance workload and mitigate risk where-ever you operate today, while ensuring you’re ready to handle the VAT requirements in the markets you intend to dominate tomorrow.

Download the VAT managed services e-book

The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) provides for tariff-free trade between the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU) but does not work in the same way as when the UK was part of the EU.

Before Brexit, if the goods were in free circulation within the EU, they could be moved cross-border without incurring any additional customs duty. Therefore, the origin of the goods was not relevant for this intra-EU movement. If the goods originated from outside the EU, customs duty would have been paid as required when they first entered into free circulation but was not payable again.

This difference creates issues for UK businesses where they import finished goods into the UK first before being sold to the EU. As the goods are not being processed in the UK, they cannot be of UK origin and will be subject to double duty unless specific duty mitigations measures are taken.

The same tariff-free trade between the EU and the UK can be achieved under the TCA, but it depends on meeting the detailed rules within the agreement. The key is in the origin of the goods and whether they qualify under the terms of the TCA. This ensures that only eligible goods are tariff-free and removes the risk of goods entering from outside the Free Trade Area without paying customs duty.

The requirement for goods to be of relevant origin to benefit from zero tariffs on imports under the TCA has been in place since 1 January 2021.

Claiming and evidencing relief

If goods meet the appropriate rules of origin, preference can be claimed on the customs declaration when they are imported. Thus, the claim is made by the importer of the goods. However, it is not as simple as completing the appropriate box on the declaration; there is a requirement for the proper evidence to be held.

To claim tariff preference, the importer needs to have one of the following proofs of origin:

• A statement on origin – this must be made out by the exporter to confirm the product originates in the UK or EU; or
• Importer’s knowledge – this option allows the importer to claim tariff preference based on their knowledge of where the goods they’re importing originate.

If they are relying on a statement of origin, the exporter will have to prove that the goods are of appropriate origin to qualify.

End of easement

In 2021, there was a light touch approach towards holding evidence when the customs declaration was made. The TCA allowed for a declaration to be made and the evidence to be obtained later to reduce the burden on business.  There is still a requirement to provide the appropriate evidence on request, so businesses must ensure that it will be available if necessary.

There may be checks that the goods are of appropriate origin to be free of duty under the TCA.  With effect from 1 January 2022, there is a need to have the appropriate evidence that the goods meet the origin requirements when the declaration is lodged. Therefore, businesses will need to ensure that the appropriate documents are immediately available should they be requested.

Post import claims for relief

Businesses should note that it is not obligatory to claim preference at the time of entry of the goods as claims can be made up to three years later, as long as there is valid proof of origin. It is beneficial to claim preference at the earliest possible time to benefit cash flow and provide certainty of the cost of the goods.

Therefore, businesses will need to ensure that they determine origin of goods correctly and have the appropriate evidence to support the goods being tariff-free.

It’s important to remember that the rules for trade between Northern Ireland and the EU are different because of the Northern Ireland Protocol.

Meet the Expert is our series of blogs where we share more about the team behind our innovative software and managed services.As a global organisation with indirect tax experts across all regions, our dedicated team is often the first to know about new regulatory changes and the latest developments on tax regimes worldwide to support you in your tax compliance.

We spoke to Khaled Cherif, senior client representative here at Sovos to discover more about Insurance Premium Tax (IPT) and, in particular, the complexities of France and the French overseas territories.

Can you tell me about your role and what it involves?

I joined Sovos as part of the IPT team in June 2017. My role is senior client representative and I mostly work with our French and Italian clients, which is around 54 organisations.

I am the first point of contact so my role along with the rest of the team is to provide clients with all the assistance that they require, including helping them with filing their liabilities and ensuring they are compliant with the relevant regulations.

Can you explain IPT in France and what is particularly complex about the country’s IPT regulation and requirements?

IPT in France is quite complex as there are many parafiscal charges that can apply to insurance premiums. There are also multiple IPT rates depending on the type of risk being covered. This can range from 7% IPT rate to as high as 30%. As well as the different IPT rates there are also 10 parafiscal charges that could be due on insurance premiums and again all with varying rates.

There are also French overseas territories to be considered. There are two groups of French overseas territories, the Départements and Régions d’Outre-Mer (DROMs), and Collectivités d’Outre-Mer (COMs).

What top tips do you have for insurers that have IPT obligations in France and other EU countries?

It’s important to understand the differences in IPT requirements with the French overseas territories.

DROMs (French Guyana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) are treated the same as mainland France for premium tax purposes. Premiums covering risks located in these territories should be declared in the same way, except for Guyana and Mayotte where the IPT rates applicable are reduced by half.

For COMs the local tax authority for the territory can levy taxes on insurance premiums. Most have set up their own IPT regimes, often requiring insurers to appoint a fiscal representative. In some COMs territories the tax ID issued for Mainland France can be used.

As many French and international organisations have subsidiaries in overseas French territories it’s important to understand how the different IPT rates and filings affect compliance. Not being based in the territory where IPT needs to be filed can make things complicated, so working with local partners or representatives can ease the burden.

How can Sovos help insurers?

Sovos has a team with global IPT expertise, meaning we can help organisations understand their IPT requirements wherever they operate, including in France and the French Overseas Territories.

Sovos has in-depth knowledge of local requirements, laws and regulations as well as local partners and representatives to assist with IPT requirements.

We recently launched the 13^th Edition of our annual Trends report, the industry’s most comprehensive study of global VAT mandates and compliance controls. Trends provides a comprehensive look at the world’s regulatory landscape highlighting how governments across the world are enacting complex new policies and controls to close tax gaps and collect the revenue owed. These policies and protocols impact all companies in the countries where they trade no matter where they are headquartered.

This year’s report looks at how large-scale investments in digitization technology in recent years have enabled tax authorities in much of the world to enforce real-time data analysis and always-on enforcement. Driven by new technology and capabilities, governments are now into every aspect of business operations and are ever-present in company data.

Businesses are increasingly having to send what amounts to all their live sales and supply chain data as well as all the content from their accounting systems to tax administrations. This access to finance ledgers creates unprecedented opportunities for tax administrations to triangulate a company’s transaction source data with their accounting treatment and the actual movement of goods and money flows.

The European VAT landscape

After years of Latin America leading with innovation in these legislative areas, Europe is starting to accelerate the digitization of tax reporting. Our Trends report highlights the key developments and regulations that will continue to make an impact in 2022, including:

• VAT reporting processes become digital and more frequent – Existing VAT reporting is becoming more granular and more frequent in many EU Member States, with the majority quickly evolving towards real-time controls with or without electronic invoice mandates.
  • Italy has mandatory e-invoicing via a data exchange platform previously introduced for public procurement messaging.
  • Since 2017 in Spain, all companies must report inbound and outbound invoices within four days.
  • In Hungary, suppliers have had to report their sales invoices in real-time since 2018.

• Public procurement standards will play a major role in the design of various continuous transaction control (CTC) models – Frameworks such as PEPPOL are increasingly adopted by public administrations as large buyers of goods and services – the standards and platforms used for these transactions will increasingly be repurposed for electronic invoicing as a key enabler of VAT digitization.
• “Own the Transaction” CTC model becomes more popular – More tax administrations aim not only to receive reporting data from business transactions but use legislation to become the invoice exchange platform themselves.
  This trend is gaining traction after Turkey and Italy introduced it as core concepts in their CTC legislation, while countries like France and Poland are introducing similar models.

• SAF-T is here to stay – The OECD’s Standard Audit File for Tax (SAF-T) will remain an inspiration for European tax administrations not only to enforce VAT via real-time or near-real-time controls, but to obtain copies of taxpayers’ entire accounting books on their own systems for broader tax controls and audit support as well.

• EU E-commerce VAT package and digital services – Changes introduced in July 2021 to the One Stop Shop (OSS) and the launch of an Import One Stop Shop (IOSS) concept have drastically changed requirements for all e-commerce vendors and marketplaces selling low-value goods or digital services to European consumers.

According to Christiaan van der Valk, lead author of Trends, governments already have all the evidence and capabilities they need to drive aggressive programs toward real-time oversight and enforcement. These programs exist in most of South and Central America and are rapidly spreading across countries in Europe such as France, Germany and Belgium as well as Asia and parts of Africa. Governments are moving quickly to enforce these standards and failure to comply can lead to business disruptions and even stoppages.

This new level of imposed transparency is forcing businesses to adapt how they track and implement e-invoicing and data mandate changes all over the world. To remain compliant, companies need a continuous and systematic approach to requirement monitoring.

Trends is the most comprehensive report of its kind. It provides an objective view of the VAT landscape with unbiased analysis from our team of tax and regulatory experts.  The pace of change for tax and regulation continues to accelerate and this report will help you prepare.

Identifying the Location of Risk in the case of health insurance can be a tricky subject, but it’s also crucial to get it right. A failure to do so could lead to under-declared tax liabilities in a particular territory and the potential for penalties to be applied once these deficits are identified and belatedly settled. We examine the situation from a European perspective.

Legal background

The starting point in this area is the Solvency II Directive (Directive 138/2009/EC). Notably, Article 13(13) outlines the different categories of insurance risks that are used to determine risk locations. As health insurance doesn’t fall within the specific provisions for property, vehicles and travel risks, it is dealt with by the catch-all provision in Article 13(13)(d).

This Article refers to the ‘habitual residence of the policyholder’ or, where the policyholder is a legal person, ‘that policyholder’s establishment to which the contract relates’. We will consider these scenarios separately, given the distinction between individuals and legal persons.

Where the policyholder is an individual

For natural persons, the situation is generally straightforward. Based on the above, the key factor is the habitual residence of the policyholder. The permanent home of the policyholder tends to be relatively easy to confirm.

More challenging cases can arise where someone moves from one risk location to another. For example, when an individual purchases insurance in a particular country, having lived there for a significant period before moving to another country soon afterwards, the Location of Risk will be the original country. As EU legislation does not go into detail on the point, examples of no apparent habitual residence will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis.

Where the policyholder is a legal person

In this scenario, we have to consider the ‘policyholder’s establishment to which the contract relates’ in the first instance. The establishment is treated quite broadly, as evidenced by the European Court of Justice case of Kvaerner plc v Staatssecretaris van Financiën (C-191/99), which pre-dates Solvency II.

Notwithstanding the above, the habitual residence of the insured should be used to identify the risk location even where the policyholder is a legal person in certain circumstances. This will occur when the insured is independently a party to an insurance contract, giving them a right to make a claim themselves rather than through the corporate policyholder.

This logic can also potentially be extended to dependents of the insured person added to the policy and who can also separately claim under the contract. They will also create a risk location, although this will often be in the same country as the insured person. Ultimately, the compliant approach will be dictated by the overall set-up of the policy.

If any insurers writing business in Europe have any questions on the location of risk rules, whether concerning health insurance or any other insurance, then Sovos is best placed to provide advice to ensure taxes are being correctly declared.

On 30 January 2022, the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA) published an announcement on its official web page concerning penalties for violations of VAT rules, and it is currently only available in Arabic. As part of the announcement, the previous fines have been amended, ushering in a more cooperative and educational approach for penalizing taxpayers for their non-compliance with VAT rules than previously.

What’s the new approach?

If ZATCA officials detect a violation during a field visit, the taxpayer will first be given a warning about the violation without any penalty. The ZATCA aims to raise awareness instead of penalizing taxpayers for their first violation. Taxpayers will be granted three months to comply and make necessary changes in their processes.

If non-compliance continues after the first inspection, the taxpayer will be fined 1.000 Riyals, roughly 267 USD. The penalty charge will gradually increase if the taxpayer fails to comply with the rules and doesn’t make necessary changes within three months after the notice.

The fine for each additional repetition time will be as follows: 5.000 Riyals for the third time, 10.000 Riyals for the fourth time and 40.000 Riyals for the fifth time. If the same violation is repeated 12 months after its discovery, it is considered a new violation, and the process will begin with a warning without a fine.

What are the violations of e-invoicing?

According to the announcement, the violations of e-invoicing rules will be penalized per the new procedure described above. The instances that require a notice/fine are slightly different than the initial violations described previously and highlighted as follows:

• Not issuing and storing invoices electronically
• Not including a QR code
• Non-compliance with keeping electronic invoices and electronic notes in the form stipulated
• Not notifying the authority of any malfunction that hinders the issuance of electronic invoices
• Deleting or modifying electronic invoices after their issuance
• Including any of the prohibited functions in the e-invoicing solutions
• Violation of any other provision of electronic invoicing.

What´s next?

The ZATCA states that the new approach ensures proportionality between the violation and the penalty imposed on taxpayers while giving taxpayers a chance to comply within a specific time frame. Considering that the introduction of both VAT and mandatory e-invoicing is fairly recent in the country, there are certain aspects that are unclear for taxpayers. This approach will educate businesses and is expected to be welcomed by stakeholders.

Towards the end of 2021, the tax authority in Turkey published a draft communique that expands the scope of e-documents in Turkey. After minor revisions, the draft communique was enacted and published in the Official Gazette on 22 January 2022.

Let’s take a closer look at the changes in the scope of Turkish e-documents.

Scope of e-fatura expanded

• The gross sales revenue threshold will decreased reduce. The threshold limit has been lowered from TRY 5 million to TRY 4 million and above for the 2021 financial period. A lower threshold of TRY 3 million and above will apply for 2022 and subsequent fiscal periods.
• The use of the e-fatura is now mandatory for taxpayers in the e-commerce sector when exceeding a certain threshold. The communique introduced a gross sales revenue threshold of TRY 1 million and above for 2020 and 2021 financial periods; and TRY 500.000 for 2022 and all subsequent fiscal periods.
• Taxpayers who run a business in the real estate and/or motor vehicle sector by carrying out construction, manufacturing, purchase, sale, and rental transactions, as well as taxpayers who act as intermediaries in these transactions must use the e-fatura application if their gross sales revenue exceeds TRY 1 million and above for 2020 and 2021 financial periods; and TRY 500.000 for 2022 and all subsequent fiscal periods.
• Taxpayers who provide accommodation services by obtaining investment and/or operation certificates from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Municipalities must use the e-fatura application.

Taxpayers meeting these thresholds and criteria must start using the e-fatura application from the start of the year’s seventh month following the relevant accounting period.

In terms of accommodation service providers, if they provide services as of the publication date of this communique, they must start using the e-fatura application from 1 July 2022.

For any business activities that start after the publication date of the communique e-fatura must be used from the beginning of the fourth month following the month in which their business activities began.

E-arsiv invoice scope expanded

Taxpayers not in scope of e-arşiv invoices have been obliged to issue e-arşiv invoices if the total amount of the invoices to be issued exceeds TRY 30.000 including taxes (in terms of invoices issued to non-registered taxpayers, the total amount including taxes exceeds TRY 5.000) from 1 January 2020.

With the amended communique, the Turkish Revenue Administration (TRA) lowered the total amount of the invoice threshold to TRY 5.000, and thus more taxpayers will be required to use the e-arsiv application. The new e-arsiv invoice threshold applies from 1 March 2022.

E-delivery note scope expanded

Another change introduced by the communique was the expansion of the scope of e-delivery notes. The gross sales turnover threshold for mandatory e-delivery notes has been revised to TRY 10 million, effective from the 2021 accounting period. In addition, taxpayers who manufacture, import or export iron and steel (GTIP 72) and iron or steel goods (GTIP 73) are required to use the e-delivery note application. E-fatura application registration is not applicable to those taxpayers.

The Tax Bureaus of Shanghai, Guangdong Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region have all issued announcements stating they intend to carry out a new pilot program for selected taxpayers based in some areas of the provinces. The pilot program will involve adopting a new e-invoice type, known as a fully digitized e-invoice.

Introduction of a new e-invoice type

Many regions in China are currently part of a pilot program that enables newly registered taxpayers operating in China to voluntarily issue VAT special electronic invoices to claim input VAT, mostly for B2B purposes.

The new fully digitized e-invoice is a simplified and upgraded version of current electronic invoices in China. The issuance and characteristics of the fully digitized invoice are different from other e-invoices previously used in the country.

Characteristics of the fully digitized e-invoice

• The fully digitized invoice is supervised by the local Taxation Bureaus as part of the pilot program
• The legal effect and basic purpose are the same as those of existing paper invoices
• Fully digitized invoices can be delivered in the form of data messages, which eliminates specific format requirements such as PDF or OFD
• The basic content includes dynamic QR code, invoice number, invoice date, buyer information, seller information, quantity, unit price, amount, tax rate, tax amount, total, total price, and tax
• After the pilot program taxpayer has passed a “real-name verification” they can immediately use the electronic invoice service platform to issue invoices without the need to use special equipment for tax control (e.g., UKey device)
• Pilot taxpayers can automatically deliver fully digitized invoices through the tax digital account of the electronic invoice service platform and can also deliver fully electronic invoices themselves via email or other means

Verification of fully digitized e-invoices

Relying on the national unified electronic invoice service platform, tax authorities will provide selected taxpayers for this pilot program with services such as issuance, delivery, and inspection of fully digitized e-invoices 24 hours a day. Taxpayers will be able to verify the information of all electronic invoices through the electronic invoice service platform or the national VAT invoice inspection platform.

What’s next for e-invoicing in China?

This new pilot program has been effective in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Foshan, Guangdong-Macao Intensive Cooperation Zone, and Hohhot since 1 December 2021. Despite the lack of an official timeline for implementation, it’s expected that the scope of this pilot program will be extended in 2022 to cover new taxpayers and regions in China, paving the way for nationwide adoption of the fully digitized e-invoice.

As a result of the 2020 Finance Law implementation, which transfers the management and collection of import VAT from customs to the Public Finances Directorate General (DGFIP), France has implemented mandatory reporting of import VAT in the VAT return instead of having the option to pay through customs as is typically the process. This change came into effect on 1 January 2022, with additional VAT reporting changes in France, including the Declaration of Exchange Goods (DEB) split where the Intrastat dispatch and EC sales list are now separate reports.

This new import procedure is mandatory for all taxpayers identified for VAT purposes in France. Registered taxpayers may no longer opt to pay import VAT to customs and must report all import VAT via the VAT return. This is a departure from the prior process, where taxpayers needed to receive prior authorisation to implement a reverse charge mechanism to pay import VAT through the VAT return. Now, this process is automatic and mandatory, and no authorisation is required.

Consequently, taxpayers with import transactions into France must now register for VAT purposes with the French tax authorities. Additionally, the French intra-community VAT number of the person liable for payment of import VAT must be listed on all customs declarations.

Changes to the VAT return

Changes to the French VAT return include (see Figure 1):

• New fields to report import VAT and petroleum products
• New numbering system for most of the return
• Pre-filled information on imports – lists the amount of import VAT collected from customs items previously declared to the Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes (DGDDI). Taxpayers will have the ability to edit the pre-filled import amounts before submission
• Pre-filled information will be populated from the 14th of the month following the due date
• VAT returns containing import VAT will be due the 24th day of the month following the filing period

Figure 1: Draft extract of 2022 FR VAT Return

Impact on Taxpayers

From 31 December 2021, “foreign traders” who imported goods and then made local sales under the domestic reverse charge are now required to register as a result of the import portion of the transaction and will still apply the reverse charge to their sales. This will now require a new VAT declaration to be submitted.

Additionally, until 31 December 2021, a foreign company that imported goods into France and made local sales under the reverse charge had to recover the import VAT paid under the Refund Directive (EU companies) or the 13^th Directive (non-EU companies). For Refund Directive claims, there would have been a cash advantage for France because either companies did not submit claims (small value) or because claims were rejected for non-compliance. For claims under the 13^th Directive and the two previous considerations, there was also the issue of “reciprocity” which prevented claims from some counties such as the US, for example. Under the new regime, all import VAT is reclaimed, leading to a potential budget shortfall.